HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES TO THE THEORY OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47390/SPR1342V5SI4Y2025N18Keywords:
social mobility, sociology, Sorokin, structuralism, conflict theory, cultural capital, inequality, empirical research, education, social structure.Abstract
This article presents a historical analysis of theoretical approaches to social mobility. The study begins with the foundational work of Pitirim Sorokin, who introduced key classifications such as vertical and horizontal mobility. The article examines structural-functionalist perspectives (e.g., Talcott Parsons, Kingsley Davis), conflict theories (e.g., Karl Marx), and critical approaches, particularly those of Pierre Bourdieu, who emphasized the role of cultural capital in mobility processes. Furthermore, the paper explores empirical research by John Goldthorpe and others, which demonstrate that absolute equality of opportunity remains a myth in most societies. The author argues that social mobility should be understood not only as a result of individual effort, but also as a complex phenomenon shaped by systemic structures and socio-economic policies. The article contributes to sociological theory and is relevant for scholars studying social stratification, inequality, and educational policy.
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