CRITERIA OF LEVELS OF SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47390/SPR1342V5SI5Y2025N13Keywords:
scientific knowledge, empirical level, theoretical level, epistemology, methodology, logic, thinking, knowledge criteria, experiment, observation, idealization, concept of knowledge, cognitive process, theoretical term, empirical term.Abstract
This article analyzes the relationship between empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge, the criteria for their distinction, and the relative and dynamic nature of the boundaries between them. Based on various philosophical schools, especially post-positivism, and through epistemological and methodological approaches, the differences and interconnections between empirical and theoretical cognition, as well as their roles in scientific thinking, are deeply explored. The article differentiates levels of knowledge by object, method, language, conceptual system, and forms of thought. Their unity and contradiction are presented as integral parts of the scientific knowledge process. This study contributes to understanding the structure of scientific knowledge, the development of theoretical concepts, and the mechanisms for constructing scientific theories from empirical data.
References
1. Клюшкина О. Б. Построение теории на основе качественных данных // Социол. исслед. – 2000. – № 10. – С. 92–101.
2. Пуанкаре А. О науке. – М.: науки 1983. – 560 с.
3. Степин В.С. Теоретическое знание. 0– М., 2000. – С. 49.
4. Кун Т. Структура научных революций. – М., 2001; Американская социологическая мысль. – М.: МГУ, 1994; Риккерт Г. Науки о природе и науки культуре. – М.: Республика, 1998. – 410 с.
5. Девятко И.Ф. Модели объяснения и логика социологического исследования. – М .: 1996. – С. 34.
6. Алексеев П. В., Панин А. В. Теория познания и диалектика. – М.: Высшая школа, 1991. – С. 126–127.
7. Эйнштейн А. Собрание научных трудов. Т. 4. – М., 1967. – С. 200.
8. Луи де Броль. Революция в физике. (Новая физика и кванты). – М., 1968. – С. 186.
9. Зиёмухамедов Б. Комилликка элтувчи китоб. – Т.: Турон иқбол, 2006. – Б. 28.
10. Штомпка П . Социология социальных изменений. – М., 1996. – С. 33–48.
