CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPIRITUAL ENVIRONMENT IN FRANCE DURING THE VOLTAIRE PERIOD

Authors

  • Xurshid Fayziyev

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47390/SPR1342V5I10Y2025N41

Keywords:

Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot, Holbach, Helvetius, religion, despotism, society.

Abstract

This article briefly describes the spiritual environment in France in the 18th century.

References

1. Fantin des Odoards. Histoire de France. – Paris: 1817, t. 10. – P. 165.

2. Гайнутдинова Л. A.,Гайнутдинов Р. И.; Идеи Ш. Монтескье «о духе народа» и «образе правления» и их влияние на современный российский консерватизм; Вестник Русской христианской гуманитарной академии, 2021.c.197

3. Collins, J.C. Churton, Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau in England, 1908.p.138

4. Macfarlane, Alan; Montesquieu and the making of the modern world; CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018. p.13

5. Durkheim, Emile, Montesquieu and Rousseau. Forerunners of Sociology, Michigan, 1965.p.50-1

6. Salvadori, Philippe. La Vie culturelle en France aux XVIe, XVIIe , XVIIIe siècles, Éditions Ophrys, 1999, p. 172.

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8. Topazio,Virgil W. D'Holbach's Moral Philosophy: Its Background and Development (Geneva: Institut et Musée Voltaire, 1956), p. 117

9. Holbach P.A. La politique naturelle.T.II.Chartre.1923.p.38-39

10.Holbach, 1766, Le christianisme dévoilé, P.10.

11. Holbach, Système de la nature, 1770, édition de 1821 (éditeur : ledoux), tome 2, page 352.

12. Durant, Will (1965). The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire. Simon&Schuster. p. 707

13. Helvétius, Claude Adrien, De l'esprit or, Essays on the Mind, and Its Several Faculties, (London: 1759), p. 286

14.Scott, John T,. “Introduction”, dans The Major Political Writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Chicago et Londres, The University of Chicago Press, 2012. p.XVII

15. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Textes politiques, L'Âge d'Homme, coll. « Classiques de la pensée politique », 2007. p. 44.

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Submitted

2025-10-11

Published

2025-10-12

How to Cite

Fayziyev, X. (2025). CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPIRITUAL ENVIRONMENT IN FRANCE DURING THE VOLTAIRE PERIOD. Ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари Актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук Actual Problems of Humanities and Social Sciences., 5(10), 240–244. https://doi.org/10.47390/SPR1342V5I10Y2025N41