THEORETICAL DOCTRINE OF AIR CARRIER LIABILITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47390/SPR1342V5I10Y2025N58Keywords:
Montreal Convention; strict liability; fault-based liability; doctrine of exemption from liability; negligence; limited liability; comparative liability; aviation safety; passenger rights; international air law; carrier liability.Abstract
This article analyzes the theoretical doctrines of carrier liability in international air law, in particular, the innovations introduced by the 1999 Montreal Convention to the Warsaw System. The study focuses on the three main doctrines of the Convention: strict liability, a two-tier liability system, and the doctrine of exoneration. The Montreal Convention, in order to strengthen the rights of passengers, established the concept of strict liability up to 100,000 SDR and simplified the consideration of claims. At the same time, it harmonized strict liability and fault-based liability through a two-tier system and, through Article 20, allowed for the reduction or elimination of liability due to the negligence of the passenger. In addition, the concept of limited liability is highlighted as an institution that ensures financial stability for carriers and insurers. Doctrinal and legal analysis, national legislation and case law demonstrate that these mechanisms are a hybrid model that serves to protect passenger interests and ensure the economic security of airlines.
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