SOCIAL AND GNOSEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF OPTIMISM AND PESSIMISM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47390/SPR1342V5I11Y2025N14Ключевые слова:
optimism, pessimism, gnoseology (epistemology), social foundations, worldview, explanatory style, dispositional optimism, national consciousness, culture, urbanization.Аннотация
This article analyzes the philosophical, gnoseological (epistemological), and social foundations of optimism and pessimism. Optimistic and pessimistic worldviews are considered fundamental categories that determine the individual's attitude towards the external world. From a philosophical standpoint, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s optimistic view of this world as the "best of all possible worlds" is contrasted with Arthur Schopenhauer’s pessimistic philosophy, which describes the world as built on eternal suffering and "will". Psychologically, the article analyzes Charles Carver and Michael Scheier's concept of dispositional optimism and Martin Seligman's explanatory style theory (where the optimist attributes negative events to external, unstable causes, and the pessimist attributes them to internal, stable causes). Based on a dialectical-materialistic approach, this research highlights the role of social factors such as national consciousness, culture, lifestyle, and the urbanization process in shaping social and individual optimism in the context of Uzbekistan.
Библиографические ссылки
1. Батурин, Н. А. (2022). Педагогические ресурсы формирования оптимистического мировоззрения студентов в современном вузе.
2. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2014). Dispositional optimism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(6), 295–300.
3. Leibniz, G. W. (1710). Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l'homme et l'origine du mal.
4. McKenna, M. (2025). Pessimism and optimism in non-ideal inquiry epistemology. Edinburgh Research Explorer.
5. Optimism and Pessimism (2025). Encyclopedia.com.
6. Peterson, C., Seligman, M. E. P., & Vaillant, G. E. (1988). Pessimistic explanatory style is a risk factor for physical illness: A thirty-five-year study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(1), 23–27.
7. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Dispositional Optimism: Conceptualization and Measurement. The Neural Basis of Optimism and Pessimism.
8. Schopenhauer, A. (1819). Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung.
9. Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life—Pocket Books.
10. Weber, H., Vollmann, M., & Renner, B. (2009). The Spirited, the Observant, and the Disheartened: Social Concepts of Optimism, Realism, and Pessimism.
