SUFI-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IDEA OF TOLERANCE (Based on the treatise “Risala-yi Tanbih al-‘Ulama” by Makhdumi A‘zam)

Abstract

This article analyzes the issues of tolerance, spiritual patience, non-neglect of others, and respect for inner perfection based on the Sufi views expressed in the work of Makhdumi Azam (15th–16th century) “Risaali Tanbih ul-Ulama” that fanaticism towards external knowledge and disconnection from inner enlightenment create spiritual narrowness in human thinking. The work criticizes the uncompromising attitude of scholars who are limited to external knowledge towards the followers of the order, and argues that human perfection is achieved not only through external actions, but also through inner upbringing, state, and enlightenment. The article explores the idea of tolerance in relation to human nature, the concept of existence, and the doctrine of guardianship.
This article analyzes the philosophical foundations of the idea of tolerance formed within the framework of Islamic Sufism. In the work, the article explores the relationship between the external and the internal, human nature, the concept of mortality, and the role of the guidance of a perfect guide in the formation of tolerance. Sufi tolerance is interpreted not as a moral call, but as an ontological state that expresses the level of spiritual maturity of a person.