ОНЛАЙН-ГЕНДЕРНОЕ НАСИЛИЕ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ: ПРОБЕЛЫ В ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВЕ И ПУТИ ИХ УСТРАНЕНИЯ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47390/SPR1342V5SI1Y2025N56Ключевые слова:
онлайн-гендерное насилие, киберсталкинг, цифровые домогательства, правовые пробелы, гендерное равенство, законодательные реформы, УзбекистанАннотация
В статье рассматриваются правовые и институциональные пробелы в противодействии онлайн-гендерному насилию в Узбекистане и подчеркивается необходимость срочных законодательных и политических реформ. Несмотря на рост числа случаев киберсталкинга, онлайн-агрессии, доксинга и насилия с использованием изображений, законодательство Узбекистана не содержит четких определений и механизмов правоприменения для таких правонарушений. В статье анализируются проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются жертвы при обращении за правовой защитой, проводится сравнение национального законодательства с международными стандартами, а также предлагаются конкретные меры для усиления защиты. В числе рекомендаций — законодательные реформы, повышение квалификации правоохранительных органов, механизмы поддержки жертв и регулирование цифровых платформ. Усиление правового и институционального реагирования позволит создать более безопасную цифровую среду и защитить женщин от онлайн-насилия.
Библиографические ссылки
1. Research on understanding online gender-based violence. Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria. Retrieved from: https://www.chr.up.ac.za/images/researchunits/dgdr/documents/resources/FINAL_v_Understanding_oGBV_in_Southern_Africa.pdf
2. Creating safe digital spaces free of trolls, doxing, and hate speech. UN Women. Retrieved from: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2023/11/creating-safe-digital-spaces-free-of-trolls-doxing-and-hate-speech
3. Online gender-based violence and its impact on civic freedoms of women human rights defenders. International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). Retrieved from: https://www.icnl.org/wp-content/uploads/Online-Gender-Based-Violence-report-final.pdf
4. Anonymity for complainants of image-based sexual abuse: Focus on harms to victims, not motives of perpetrators. Durham University. Retrieved from: https://www.durham.ac.uk/media/durham-university/departments-/law-school/pdfs/image-based-sexual-abuse/Anonymity-for-Complainants-of-Image-Based-Sexual-Abuse.pdf
5. Hicks, J. (2021). Global evidence on the prevalence and impact of online gender-based violence. K4D Helpdesk Report. Institute of Development Studies. DOI: 10.19088/K4D.2021.140. Retrieved from: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/articles/report/Global_Evidence_on_the_Prevalence_and_Impact_of_Online_Gender-based_Violence_OGBV_/26428096?file=48181987
6. Technology-facilitated violence against women: Towards a common definition. UN Women. Retrieved from: https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/Expert-Group-Meeting-report-Technology-facilitated-violence-against-women-en.pdf
7. Iroegbu, M., O'Brien, F., Muñoz, L.C., & Parsons, G. (2024). Investigating the psychological impact of cyber-sexual harassment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(15-16), 3424-3445. DOI: 10.1177/08862605241231615. PMID: 38357898; PMCID: PMC11283743.
8. Eckert, S., & Metzger-Riftkin, M. (2020). Doxxing, privacy, and gendered harassment. Nomos eLibrary. Retrieved from: https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/de/10.5771/1615-634X-2020-3-273.pdf?download_full_pdf=1
9. Nixon, C. L. (2014). Current perspectives: The impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 5, 143-158. DOI: 10.2147/AHMT.S36456. PMID: 25177157; PMCID: PMC4126576.
10. McLaughlin, H., Uggen, C., & Blackstone, A. (2017). The economic and career effects of sexual harassment on working women. Gender & Society, 31(3), 333-358. DOI: 10.1177/0891243217704631. PMID: 29056822; PMCID: PMC5644356.
11. Online gender-based violence against women and girls: Basic concepts guide. Organization of American States (OAS). Retrieved from: https://www.oas.org/en/sms/cicte/docs/Guide-basic-concepts-Online-gender-based-violence-against-women-and-girls.pdf
12. Accelerating efforts to tackle online and technology-facilitated violence against women and girls. UN Women. Retrieved from: https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2022-10/Accelerating-efforts-to-tackle-online-and-technology-facilitated-violence-against-women-and-girls-en_0.pdf
13. Doxing: A literature review. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT). Retrieved from: https://icct.nl/sites/default/files/2024-12/Literature%20Review_Anti%20DOX.pdf
14. Methodology: Measuring the prevalence of online violence against women. The Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved from: https://cdn.vev.design/private/WbTNgdOVVvgyq5TIBiYpWVmMCJQ2/hyw1xhPZO6_EIU_METHODOLOGY_PREVALENCE%20OF%20ONLINE%20VIOLENCE%20AGAINST%20WOMEN_FINAL.pdf.pdf
15. UNESCO’s Global Survey on Online Violence against Women Journalists. UNESCO. Retrieved from: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unescos-global-survey-online-violence-against-women-journalists
16. Online gender based violence: implications, developments and the legal framework. Retrieved from: https://www.ghrd.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Online-Gender-Based-Violence-implications-developments-and-the-legal-framework.pdf
17. Protecting women and girls from violence in the digital age: The relevance of the Istanbul Convention and the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime in addressing online and technology-facilitated violence against women. Council of Europe. Retrieved from: https://rm.coe.int/protecting-women-and-girls-from-violence-in-the-digital-age-final-eng-/1680ae3a31
18. The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Retrieved from: https://lex.uz/docs/6451070
19. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On protection of women from harassment and abuse”. Retrieved from: https://lex.uz/docs/5147718
20. The Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Retrieved from: https://lex.uz/docs/111457
21. The situation with Deputy Feruza Babasheva: What is known? Retrieved from: https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/11/17/feruza-babasheva/
22. The public and officials have spoken out in defense of the journalist from Qalampir.uz. https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/08/08/journalist/
23. The Ministry of Internal Affairs has arrested the administrators of a group suspected of distributing women's photos on Telegram. https://www.gazeta.uz/uz/2023/05/16/hello-tashkent/
